ABSTRACT
Alcohol consumption is as old as human history. Crimes caused by chronic and acute alcohol use are an increasing global problem. In addition to health problems, it also causes economic and social problems. Alcohol use is an important factor in many subjects such as suicide, murder, addiction, accident, etc. which are within the scope of forensic sciences. Alcohol determination has an important place among forensic analyzes on a global scale. The aim of this review is to discuss alcohol determination and markers used in alcohol determination along with the current literature.
Keywords: Alcohol determination, ethanol, biomarker
References
1
WHO, Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health. 2018.
2
Vance CS, Carter CR, Carter RJ, et al. Comparison of Immediate and Delayed Blood Alcohol Concentration Testing. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39:538-544.
3
Karayolları Trafik Kanunu. 1983; https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2918.pdf.
4
Karayolları Trafik Yönetmeliği. 1997; https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/yonetmelik/7.5.8182.pdf.
5
Alkol ve Uyuşturucu/Uyarıcı Madde Denetimi. 2023; https://www.egm.gov.tr/alkol-ve-uyusturucuuyarici-madde-denetimi-gerceklestirildi-06-10-2023#:~:text=Alkol%20ve%20uyu%C5%9Fturucu%2Fuyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1%20madde%20kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1na%20ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1%20meydana%20gelen%20trafik,%C3%BClke%20genelinde%20%C3%B6zel%20denetim%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftirildi
6
Petrucci RH, Herring FG, Madura JD, Bissonnette C. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 10th ed. Pearson. 2010. p. 96-97.
7
Houck MM, Siegel JA. Fundamentals of Forensic Science. 2nd ed. Academic Press. 2010.p.341-368.
8
Lees B, Meredith LR, Kirkland AE, et al. Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2020;192:172906.
9
Geniş B, Şahin F, Gürhan N. Alkol/Madde Kullanım Bozukluklarında Şiddet ve İntiharın Nörobiyolojik Temelleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2022;14:264-275.
10
Heier C, Xie H, Zimmermann R. Nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in humans-from biomarkers to bioactive lipids. IUBMB Life. 2016;68:916-923.
11
Hyun J, Han J, Lee C, et al. Pathophysiological Aspects of Alcohol Metabolism in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:5717.
12
Olds ML, Jones AW. Preanalytical factors influencing the results of ethanol analysis in postmortem specimens. J Anal Toxicol. 2024;48:9-26.
13
Savini F, Tartaglia A, Coccia L, et al. Ethanol Determination in Post-Mortem Samples: Correlation between Blood and Vitreous Humor Concentration. Molecules. 2020;25:2724.
14
Harris JC, Leggio L, Farokhnia M. Blood Biomarkers of Alcohol Use: A Scoping Review. Curr Addict Rep. 2021;8:500-508.
15
Andresen-Streichert H, Müller A, Glahn A, et al. Alcohol Biomarkers in Clinical and Forensic Contexts. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115:309-315.
16
Sağlık Bakanlığı. Tıbbi Laboratuvarlarda Kan Numunelerinde Etanol Analizi İşlemleri Genelgesi 2017.
17
Neumann J, Beck O, Bottcher M. Phosphatidylethanol, ethyl glucuronide and ethanol in blood as complementary biomarkers for alcohol consumption. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab. 2021;22:3-7.
18
Fakhari S, Waszkiewicz N. Old and New Biomarkers of Alcohol Abuse: Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2023;12:2124.
19
Özhan Y, Balku J, Sipahi H. Nefes Alkol Testinde Yalancı Pozitifliğe Sebep Olan İlaç, Gıda ve Alkolsüz İçecekler. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy. 2020;40:103-113.
20
Albano J, Patarroyo-Aponte GD, Mahmood E. Case of acute hepatic injury and elevated ethanol levels in a non-alcoholic adult. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12:e229814.
21
Dasgupta A. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing. 2nd ed. Academic Press. 2019.
22
Paprocki S, Qassem M, Kyriacou PA. Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques. Sensors. 2022;22:6819.
23
Mırsal H, Kalyoncu ÖA, Pektaş Ö, ve ark. Gamma Glutamil Transferaz Düzeyi Yüksek Alkol Bağımlılarının Özellikleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2006;7:135-139.
24
Conigrave KM, Davies P, Haber P, et al. Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use. Addiction. 2003;98:31-43.
25
Trius-Soler M, Pratico G, Gürdeniz G, et al. Biomarkers of moderate alcohol intake and alcoholic beverages: a systematic literature review. Genes Nutr. 2023;18:7.
26
Ghosh S, Jain R, Rao R, et al. Does ethyl glucuronide in hair correlate with alcohol consumption? A comparative study with other traditional biomarkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. Alcohol. 2023;106:55-60.
27
Lin Z, Wang H, Jones AW, et al. Evaluation and review of ways to differentiate sources of ethanol in postmortem blood. Int J Legal Med. 2020;134:2081-2093.
28
Santhosh SR, Sampath S, Gupta A. Determination of serotonin metabolites in urine sample by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as biomarkers of recent alcohol intake: Implication for aircraft accident investigation. Med J Armed Forces India. 2021;77:51-57.
29
Perilli M, Toselli F, Franceschetto L, et al. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in Blood as a Marker of Unhealthy Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review with Novel Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:12175.
30
Aboutara N, Jungen H, Szewczyk A, et al. PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 after consumption of low doses of alcohol-A contribution to cutoff discussion. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15:104-114.
31
Dumitrascu C, Gys C, Wille SMR, et al. The complementarity of phosphatidylethanol in whole blood and ethyl glucuronide in hair as biomarkers for the monitoring of alcohol use. Drug Test Anal. 2023;1-8.
32
Porpiglia NM, Tagliaro F, Micciolo R, et al. New evidence of high association between carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and alcohol-related road traffic accidents. A retrospective study on 929 injured drivers. Forensic Sci Int. 2022;340:111438.
33
Arving A, Hoiseth G, Hilberg T, et al. Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Phosphatidylethanol and Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021;45:153-162.
34
Dengiz H, Daglioglu N, Goren İE. Assessment of recent alcohol consumption by detecting ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate level among traffic accident patients. Traffic Inj Prev. 2020;21:371-374.
35
Hoiseth G, Nilsson GH, Lundberg R, et al. Evaluating the hip-flask defence using analytical data from ethanol and ethyl glucuronide. A comparison of two models. Forensic Sci Int. 2020;316:110409.
36
Jolma M, Koivu-Jolma M, Niemela O, et al. Rapid urine screening for ethyl glucuronide from pregnant women as a tool for detecting prenatal alcohol exposure. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23:464.
37
Al-Asmari AI, Altowairgi MM, Al-Amoudi DH. Effects of postmortem interval, putrefaction, diabetes, and location of death on the analysis of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as ethanol biomarkers of antemortem alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int. 2022;335:111280.
38
Soderberg BL, Salem RO, Best CA, et al. Fatty acid ethyl esters. Ethanol metabolites that reflect ethanol intake. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;119:S94-9.
39
Susse S, Selavka CM, Mieczkowski T, et al., Fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations in hair and self-reported alcohol consumption in 644 cases from different origin. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196:111-7.
40
Oppolzer D, Barroso M, Passarinha L, et al. Determination of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters in hair samples. Biomed Chromatogr. 2017;31:e3858.
41
Henderson EM, Tappin D, Young D, et al. Assessing maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy: comparison of confidential postnatal maternal interview and measurement of alcohol biomarkers in meconium. Arch Dis Child. 2023;108:659-664.
42
Tawiah KD, Riley SB, Budelier MM. Biomarkers and Clinical Laboratory Detection of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Use. Clin Chem. 2022;68:635-645.
43
Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, et al. Stability of Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, Phosphatidylethanols and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Postmortem Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol. 2018;42:346-352.
44
Kintz P, Nicholson D. Testing for ethanol markers in hair: discrepancies after simultaneous quantification of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;243:44-46.
45
Pragst F, Rothe M, Moench B, et al. Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: interpretation and advantages. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196:101-110.
